Corey Bailey

           Audio Engineering

USEFUL INFORMATION SAVING YOUR FAMILY VIDEOS

                                     The common denominator There are plenty of vendors equipped and ready to transfer your family videos to DVD. The first thing you need to do is inventory what you have, research the available vendors, pick a few and do the math to find out what it will cost. The vast majority of the vendors you come across will offer the results on DVD. DVD uses a compressed video file format known as MPEG-2. Because it is a compressed format, MPEG-2 is not considered an archival format. The good news however is that MPEG-2 is a scaleable format, meaning that the amount of compression can be varied and this is where this discussion is going. If you are going to accept your video transfers on DVD, use the least amount of compression, which amounts to a one-to-one transfer. Put another way: Make sure that your DVD’s are configured so that one hour of video on the disk equals one hour of the videotape source. This may cost more (2 or more hours of video on a DVD is the usual) but the results can be worth it. Particularly if your video is on Beta, Hi-8 or any of the DV-Cam formats. I’ve done some testing on my own, transferring VHS to DVD at different amounts of compression and came up with interesting results. I tried three different amounts of compression; 60 minutes (1:1, or a one hour DVD), 90 minutes (1.5:1) and 120 minutes (2:1). I tried edits with three different video editing programs and made edits on a still room scene with only talking in the background and a soccer game to try some fast motion. Working with the one-to-one (60 minute) file was no problem for any of the three programs I tried. One of the editing programs had problems making good edits on the soccer game on the 90 minute file and two of the three had problems making edits on the soccer game with the 2 hour video. All three editing programs worked well with the still scene at any of the resolutions I tried. Some vendors will offer the digital files on other media as well such as a Hard Drive or a USB drive. This allows you the possibility of getting your transfers in a digital video file called AVI. The AVI video format also has several resolutions available, but anything from NTSC broadcast quality (720X480) and above is considered more archivable than the MPEG format. The potential downside is that AVI files are considerably larger in size than the MPEG format. Going this route will generally cost more, particularly if you want DVD’s as well. AVI is most useful for those who intend to edit their video but MPEG isn’t going away anytime soon so saving your video at the highest MPEG resolution should be fine for those who aren’t editors or tweakers. Do it yourself? If you are considering transferring your old videotapes to digital files, the first thing is to ascertain what video format(s) you have. The older analog formats can be the most troublesome. Those include early Beta, Hi-8 and VHS. Beta is the most obsolete and a working player may be hard to find. Some of the early tape formulations of Hi-8 are becoming unstable and reports are surfacing that some brands of VHS tape are showing signs of instability as well, so those of you with home video on the older analog formats need to take action NOW. If you have your original camcorder and it still works you can use it as a playback source. VHS, often known as “the cockroach of all video formats” because of its lesser quality picture and sound, has been the most survivable and the thrift stores are overrun with VHS decks so equipment sourcing for VHS is not a problem (yet). All of the analog formats require Time Base Correction when being converted to a digital format. Time base correction (known as TBC) is the process of precisely aligning each video frame and is accomplished by a specific (and expensive) piece of equipment. The process was necessary during the analog era of broadcast video production where the final show to be aired was assembled from two or more videotape sources. Most VHS-to-DVD recorders have built in TBC and will accept external inputs so it should be possible to use your original Beta or Hi-8 cameras as a playback source into one of these gadgets. There are a few manufacturers who make video to computer interfaces that have time base correction built in but, as you can imagine, they can get expensive starting at around $400.00 or so. The alternative for analog video tape is to have it done professionally or invest in a professional setup. If you are among the fortunate ones who have been taping your family events with a video camera that uses one of the digital tape formats or a camera that stores the video on a disk or internal hard drive, life is simpler when it comes to archiving your family videos. If you are a Mac user, you can probably plug your camera directly into your computer and transfer away. PC users might have to purchase an interface for your camera format but this can be done for less than $100.00. You can also save your video as an AVI file, edit your heart out and transcode it to DVD. There is plenty of software available and both Mac and Windows PC’s have simple editors built into the operating systems. Before You Start  You need to inspect the tapes to be played. Consider where the tapes have been stored. If your tapes have been stored inside your house, in a relatively climate controlled environment, chances are your tapes will play just fine after a cursory inspection. However, if the tapes have been stored in an attic or basement with no climate control, then inspect the storage box and the tape boxes themselves for any signs of mold or extreme dust. If signs of mold are present, protect yourself with rubber gloves, an adequate breathing mask and, proceed with the inspection process outside. Better yet, seek professional advice. Your local library or college may be a place to ask for advice about mold remediation regarding your tapes. If a layer of dust is the only visible problem, remove it carefully and completely before removing the tape from its container. Once the tape cassette has been removed from its container, inspect the casing carefully for any obvious contaminates and carefully remove them. Some tapes have a clear inspection window that allows one to see the tape pack as part of the inspection process. Be as thorough as possible. The smallest dust particle can clog the rotary head of a camcorder or VCR, causing playback problems or no playback at all. Fast-forward and then rewind each tape before playing it. This will exercise a tape that has been stored for a long period of time. While the tape is being exercised, listen to the transport. You will quickly learn to hear when a tape is not fast- forwarding or rewinding properly which, is an obvious indication of problems to come. If you do hear something out of the ordinary during the exercising process, try the process a second time. If the suspicious sounds persist, set that tape aside and try to play it last. What I did We have 57 VHS tapes (and counting) of family videos going back to the dawn of VHS. This meant over 100 hours of video to be archived. The cost estimates started at around $450.00 (plus the cost of materials and shipping) for transferring direct to DVD at the standard two hour per DVD format. My first attempt was to get one of those inexpensive video-to-computer thingies to transfer the tapes myself which would give me AVI files I could later edit. After all, I own an expensive S-VHS deck with built in time base correction, freeze frame and all of the whistles and bells. Wrong! Without centralized time base correction connected to each device (the VHS deck, The A/D converter and the computer), the result was numerous frame drops per minute of video being transferred which rendered my AVI files useless. The cheapest and ultimately the most effective way out was to purchase a VHS- to-DVD recorder for $179.00 and do the transfer work using the one-to-one setting which was called “best quality” by the particular recorder I purchased. The whole project took about a year of spare time, but I enjoyed watching our children grow up again. So, in the end I saved a few hundred dollars, wound up with usable MPEG files on DVD-R’s and the project is ongoing because random old video tapes will periodically turn up. Eventually, I extracted the video and audio from the DVD’s (called “Ripping”), saved the extracted files to a couple of hard drives and separated them geographically. Archiving your family history yourself can be both rewarding and less expensive in the long run. However, the process can be time consuming to the point of becoming a temporary hobby. Once you have your video in the digital domain, remind yourself to make copies of everything and store a copy or two off site. You are only as safe as your last backup! I talk more about this in “Your Digital Data is at risk”. Return to TOP of page © Corey Bailey Audio Engineering

DO IT YOURSELF? ANALOG TAPE BAKING AUDIO TAPE LUBRICATING AUDIO TAPE MOISTURIZING ACETATE TAPE RECORDS (DISCS)

RECORD CLEANING  ARTICLES A Little About Sound Bit Depth Optimizing your PC People I have Known Packing Records for Shipment Sample Frequency Defined Time Charts Your Digital Data is at Risk